Administration Actions Against Immigrant Families Harming Children Through Increased Fear, Loss of Needed Assistance
End Notes
[1] Jie Zong, Jeanne Batalova, and Jeffrey Hallock, “Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States,” Migration Policy Institute, February 8, 2018, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states#Children.
[2] Randy Capps, Michael Fix, and Jie Zong, “A Profile of U.S. Children with Unauthorized Immigrant Parents,” Migration Policy Institute, January 2016, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/profile-us-children-unauthorized-immigrant-parents.
[3] Sarah Pierce and Andrew Selee, “Immigration under Trump: A Review of Policy Shifts in the Year Since the Election,” Migration Policy Institute, December 2017, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/immigration-under-trump-review-policy-shifts; National Immigration Law Center, “Understanding Trump’s Executive Order Affecting Deportations and ‘Sanctuary’ Cities,” revised February 24, 2017, https://www.nilc.org/issues/immigration-enforcement/exec-order-deportations-sanctuary-cities/; and Brian Bennett, “Not Just ‘Bad Hombres’: Trump is Targeting up to 8 Million People for Deportation,” Los Angeles Times, February 4, 2017, http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-deportations-20170204-story.html.
[4] Two separate preliminary federal court injunctions have halted the cancellation of DACA and required U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services to continue accepting DACA renewal applications. In addition, a third injunction has given the Department of Homeland Security 90 days after April 24, 2018 to better justify its reasoning for canceling the program. If it fails to do so, the department will have to process renewal and new DACA applications. For more, see Miriam Jordan, “U.S. Must Keep DACA and Accept New Applications, Federal Judge Rules,” New York Times, April 24, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/us/daca-dreamers-trump.html and National Immigration Law Center, “DACA,” April 25, 2018, https://www.nilc.org/issues/daca/.
[5] Currently, TPS protects immigrants from ten countries, six of which will lose their TPS designation at varying points in 2018 and 2019: Sudan, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Haiti, Nepal, and Honduras. For more, see Nick Miroff, Seung Min Kim, and Joshua Partlow, “U.S. embassy cables warned against expelling 300,000 immigrants. Trump officials did it anyway,” Washington Post, May 4, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-embassy-cables-warned-against-expelling-300000-immigrants-trump-officials-did-it-anyway/2018/05/08/065e5702-4fe5-11e8-b966-bfb0da2dad62_story.html.
[6] Robert Warren and Donald Kerwin, “A Statistical and Demographic Profile of the US Temporary Protected Status Populations from El Salvador, Honduras, and Haiti,” Center for Migration Studies, August 2017, http://cmsny.org/publications/jmhs-tps-elsalvador-honduras-haiti/.
[7] Jacob Leibenluft, “Tax Bill Ends Child Tax Credit for About 1 Million Children,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, December 18, 2017, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/tax-bill-ends-child-tax-credit-for-about-1-million-children.
[8] The regulation has not been officially proposed. The draft regulation was partly leaked to the Washington Post and is now at the Office of Management and Budget for clearance. Nick Miroff, “Trump proposal would penalize immigrants who use tax credits and other benefits,” Washington Post, March 28, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-proposal-would-penalize-immigrants-who-use-tax-credits-and-other-benefits/2018/03/28/4c6392e0-2924-11e8-bc72-077aa4dab9ef_story.html.
[9] Josh Dawsey, “Trump derides protections for immigrants from ‘shithole’ countries,” Washington Post, January 12, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-attacks-protections-for-immigrants-from-shithole-countries-in-oval-office-meeting/2018/01/11/bfc0725c-f711-11e7-91af-31ac729add94_story.html and German Lopez, “Donald Trump’s long history of racism, from the 1970s to 2018,” Vox, January 14, 2018, https://www.vox.com/2016/7/25/12270880/donald-trump-racism-history.
[10] Dara Lind, “Trump wants immigrants to be afraid. 2 new studies show it’s working.,” Vox, March 5, 2018, https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/3/5/17071648/impact-trump-immigration-policy-children and Samantha Artiga and Petry Ubri, “Living in an Immigrant Family in America: How Fear and Toxic Stress are Affecting Daily Life, Well-Being, & Health,” Kaiser Family Foundation, December 13, 2017, https://www.kff.org/disparities-policy/issue-brief/living-in-an-immigrant-family-in-america-how-fear-and-toxic-stress-are-affecting-daily-life-well-being-health/.
[11] For citations to individual studies, see the body of this report.
[12] Pam Fessler, “Deportation Fears Prompt Immigrants to Cancel Food Stamps,” National Public Radio, March 28, 2017, http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/03/28/521823480/deportation-fears-prompt-immigrants-to-cancel-food-stamps; Caitlin Dewey, “Immigrants are going hungry so Trump won’t deport them,” Washington Post, March 16, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/03/16/immigrants-are-now-canceling-their-food-stamps-for-fear-that-trump-will-deport-them/; and Emily Baumgaertner, “Spooked by Trump Proposals, Immigrants Abandon Public Nutrition Services,” New York Times, March 6, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/06/us/politics/trump-immigrants-public-nutrition-services.html.
[13] National WIC Association, “In Defense of WIC: Guidance for Navigating Uncertainty around WIC and Immigration,” February 9, 2017, https://www.nwica.org/blog/guidance-for-navigating-uncertainty-around-wic-and-immigration.
[14] Annie Lowrey, “Trump’s Anti-Immigrant Policies Are Scaring Eligible Families Away From the Safety Net,” The Atlantic, March 24, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/03/trump-safety-net-latino-families/520779/ and Rebecca Plevin, “Los Angeles Health Clinic ‘A Microcosm’ of the Nation’s Anxieties,” National Public Radio, March 25, 2017, http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/25/520813613/los-angeles-health-clinic-a-microcosm-of-the-nations-anxieties.
[15] Wendy Cervantes, Rebecca Ullrich, and Hannah Matthews, “Our Children’s Fear: Immigration Policy’s Effects on Young Children,” Center for Law and Social Policy, March 1, 2018, https://www.clasp.org/publications/report/brief/our-children%E2%80%99s-fear-immigration-policy%E2%80%99s-effects-young-children.
[16] Michelle Mark, “Trump’s Immigration Crackdown Appears to be Having an ‘Alarming’ Effect on Public Safety,” Business Insider, March 27, 2017, http://www.businessinsider.com/trumps-immigration-ice-order-crackdown-news-alarming-effect-public-safety-2017-3 and James Queally, “Latinos are Reporting Fewer Sexual Assaults Amid a Climate of Fear in Immigrant Communities, LAPD says,” Los Angeles Times, March 21, 2017, http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-immigrant-crime-reporting-drops-20170321-story.html.
[17] Cervantes, Ullrich, and Matthews.
[18] Ibid.
[19] Ibid.
[20] Mica Rosenberg, “U.S. immigration agency clarifies policy on courthouse arrests,” Reuters, January 31, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration/u-s-immigration-agency-clarifies-policy-on-courthouse-arrests-idUSKBN1FK335.
[21] Akilah Johnson, “Parents, fearful of deportation, make plans for their children,” Boston Globe, March 18, 2018, https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/03/18/parents-fearful-deportation-make-plans-for-their-children/Y9BAIHu3B6I0lB8XHyqbTL/story.html and Colleen Shalby, “Parents ask: What happens to my child if I’m deported?” Los Angeles Times, March 22, 2017, http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-questions-trump-immigration-20170322-htmlstory.html.
[22] Bryan Wu et al., “Hurricane Harvey: The Experiences of Immigrants Living in the Texas Gulf Coast,” Kaiser Family Foundation, March 20, 2018, https://www.kff.org/disparities-policy/report/hurricane-harvey-experiences-immigrants-texas-gulf-coast/.
[23] Patricia Gándara and Jongyeon (Joy) Ee, “U.S. Immigration Enforcement Policy and Its Impact on Teaching and Learning in the Nation’s Schools,” UCLA Civil Rights Project, February 28, 2018, https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/u.s.-immigration-enforcement-policy-and-its-impact-on-teaching-and-learning-in-the-nations-schools.
[24] Ibid.
[25] Cervantes, Ullrich, and Matthews.
[26] Ruben Castaneda, “Immigrant Kids Protective of Their Parents Face Anxiety, Substance Misuse,” U.S. News & World Report, December 18, 2017, https://health.usnews.com/wellness/articles/2017-12-18/immigrant-kids-protective-of-their-parents-face-anxiety-substance-misuse.
[27] Kathleen M. Roche et al, “Impacts of Immigration Actions and News and the Psychological Distress of U.S. Latino Parents Raising Adolescents,” Journal of Adolescent Health, January 29, 2018, https://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(18)30054-5/pdf.
[28] George Foulsham, “Rising Housing Costs Cause Serious Concerns — Especially for Young People — New UCLA Luskin Survey Finds,” UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, April 16, 2018, https://luskin.ucla.edu/rising-housing-costs-cause-serious-concerns-especially-for-young-people-new-ucla-luskin-survey-finds/.
[29] Gándara and Ee; Roche et al; and Alexia Elejalde-Ruiz, “Fear, anxiety, apprehension: Immigrants fear doctor visits could leave them vulnerable to deportation,” Chicago Tribune, February 22, 2018, http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-immigration-fears-hurt-health-care-access-0225-story.html
[30] Cervantes, Ullrich, and Matthews; Artiga and Ubri; Gándara and Ee; Roche et al.; and The Children’s Partnership, “The Effect of Hostile Immigration Policies on Children’s Mental Health,” March 2017, http://www.childrenspartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/The-Effect-of-Hostile-Immigration-Policies-on-Childrens-Mental-Health.pdf.
[31] Artiga and Ubri.
[32] Ibid.
[33] Joanna Dreby, “The Burden of Deportation on Children in Mexican Immigrant Families,” Journal of Marriage and Family, 2012, http://heartland.wdfiles.com/local--files/start/JMFdeportationpyramidl.pdf.
[34] Nicole L. Novak, Arline T. Geronimus, and Aresha M. Martinez-Cardoso, “Change in Birth Outcomes Among Infants Born to Latina Mothers After a Major Immigration Raid,” International Journal of Epidemiology, January 23, 2017, https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ije/dyw346/2936776/Change-in-birth-outcomes-among-infants-born-to?redirectedFrom=fulltext.
[35] Janet Currie, “Inequality at Birth: Some Causes and Consequences,” American Economic Review, May 2011, http://www.nber.org/papers/w16798.
[36] National Scientific Council on the Developing Child, “Excessive Stress Disrupts the Architecture of the Developing Brain: Working Paper 3,” 2005/2014, updated edition, http://developingchild.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2005/05/Stress_Disrupts_Architecture_Developing_Brain-1.pdf.
[37] Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest et al., “Early Childhood Poverty, Immune-Mediated Disease Processes, and Adult Productivity,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 109, October 16, 2012, pp. 17289–17293, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3477379/.
[38] Fernando Stein, “American Academy of Pediatrics Statement on Protecting Immigrant Children,” January 25, 2017, https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/AAPStatementonProtectingImmigrantChildren.aspx.
[39] Hilary W. Hoynes and Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, “Safety net investments in children,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, March 8, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/bpea-articles/safety-net-investments-in-children/ and Arloc Sherman and Tazra Mitchell, “Economic Security Programs Help Low-Income Children Succeed Over Long Term, Many Studies Find,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, July 17, 2017, https://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/economic-security-programs-help-low-income-children-succeed-over.
[40] Douglas Almond, Bhashkar Mazumder, and Reyn van Ewijk, “Fasting During Pregnancy and Children’s Academic Performance,” Center for the Economics of Education Discussion Paper 134, 2012, http://cee.lse.ac.uk/ceedps/ceedp134.pdf.
[41] Douglas Almond and Bhashkar Mazumder, “Health Capital and the Prenatal Environment: The Effect of Maternal Fasting During Pregnancy,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 14428, October 2008, http://www.nber.org/papers/w14428.pdf.
[42] Douglas Almond, Hilary W. Hoynes, and Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, “Inside the War on Poverty: The Impact of Food Stamps on Birth Outcomes,” Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Paper 1359-08, October 2008, http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp135908.pdf.
[43] Hilary Hoynes, Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, and Douglas Almond, “Long-Run Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety Net,” American Economic Review, vol. 106, no. 4, April 2016, pp. 903–934. An earlier version of the paper is at http://www.nber.org/papers/w18535.
[44] Steven Carlson and Zoë Neuberger, “WIC Works: Addressing the Nutrition and Health Needs of Low-Income Families for 40 Years,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, March 29, 2017, https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/wic-works-addressing-the-nutrition-and-health-needs-of-low-income-families.
[45] Jessica Schubel, “Medicaid Helps Schools Help Children,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, April 18, 2017, https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/medicaid-helps-schools-help-children; Elizabeth Cornachione, Robin Rudowitz, and Samantha Artiga, “Children’s Health Coverage: The Role of Medicaid and CHIP and Issues for the Future,” Kaiser Family Foundation, June 27, 2016, https://www.kff.org/report-section/childrens-health-coverage-the-role-of-medicaid-and-chip-and-issues-for-the-future-issue-brief/; and Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, “Medicaid Works for Children,” January 19, 2018, https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/medicaid-works-for-children.
[46] Sarah Cohodes et al., “The Effect of Child Health Insurance Access on Schooling: Evidence from Public Insurance Expansions,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 20178, revised October 2014, http://www.nber.org/papers/w20178.
[47] Laura R. Wherry et al., “Childhood Medicaid Coverage and Later Life Health Care Utilization,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 20929, revised October 2015, http://www.nber.org/papers/w20929.
[48] David W. Brown, Amanda E. Kowalski, and Ithai Z. Lurie, “Medicaid as an Investment in Children: What is the Long-Term Impact on Tax Receipts?” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 20835, January 2015, http://www.nber.org/papers/w20835.
[49] Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren, and Lawrence Katz, “The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment,” Harvard University and National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2015, http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/hendren/files/mto_paper.pdf.
[50] National Immigration Law Center, “Medical Assistance Programs for Immigrants in Various States,” https://www.nilc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/med-services-for-imms-in-states.pdf; “State-Funded Food Assistance Programs,” https://www.nilc.org/issues/economic-support/state_food/; “State-Funded TANF Replacement Programs,” https://www.nilc.org/issues/economic-support/guide_tanf/.
[51] Leighton Ku and Brian Bruen, “Poor Immigrants Use Public Benefits at a Lower Rate than Poor Native-Born Citizens,” CATO Institute, March 4, 2013, https://www.cato.org/publications/economic-development-bulletin/poor-immigrants-use-public-benefits-lower-rate-poor.