A new Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report estimates that the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) increased the number of people employed by between 200,000 and 1.5 million jobs in March.[1] In other words, between 200,000 and 1.5 million people employed in March owed their jobs to the Recovery Act. This estimate, by Congress' non-partisan economic and budget analysts, is more comprehensive than the 160,000 jobs that ARRA recipients reported in April, CBO explains.
ARRA succeeded in its primary goal of protecting the economy during the worst of the recession. The CBO report finds that ARRA's impact on jobs peaked in the third quarter of 2010, when up to 3.6 million people owed their jobs to the Recovery Act. Since then, the Act's job impact has gradually declined as the economy recovers and certain provisions expire. More than 90 percent of ARRA funds were spent by March, according to CBO.
While the report focuses primarily on the first quarter of 2012, CBO also projects that in the current quarter (the second quarter of 2012), there are 200,000 to 1.2 million more people employed because of ARRA.
In addition to saving and creating jobs, ARRA has increased the number of hours worked, CBO has concluded. That is, without ARRA, many full-time workers would have been reduced to part-time status and fewer would have worked overtime. The combination of the increase in jobs and the increase in hours means that ARRA boosted the number of full-time-equivalent jobs by between 300,000 and 1.9 million as of March, the report estimates. CBO finds that this figure peaked in the third quarter of 2010, and stands at up to 1.4 million full-time equivalent jobs in the current quarter.[2]
Among ARRA's most effective provisions for saving and creating jobs, according to CBO's estimates, are direct purchases of goods and services by the federal government, transfer payments to states (such as extra Medicaid funding), and transfer payments to individuals (such as increased food stamp benefits and additional weeks of unemployment benefits). CBO's estimates indicate that tax cuts are less effective job producers, and tax cuts for higher-income people have very low bang for the buck.
In April, the Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board released new jobs figures based on reports by recipients of most ARRA grants, loans, and contracts. Recipients reported that ARRA funds preserved or created 160,000 full-time-equivalent jobs as of the first quarter of 2012. As the new CBO report explains, however, the recipient reports "do not provide a comprehensive estimate of [ARRA's] impact on U.S. employment."
Specifically, the recipient reports covered only about one in five ARRA dollars spent during the first quarter of 2012 and did not include some of ARRA's most effective job-creating provisions, such as increased Medicaid support for states and additional support for unemployed workers and food stamp recipients. The reports also did not include the jobs that ARRA grants, loans, and contracts generated indirectly by increasing overall economic activity. On the other hand, CBO notes, some of the jobs that recipients reported may have existed without ARRA.
CBO emphasizes that its estimate of 200,000 to 1.5 million more people employed as of March addresses the limitations of using recipient reports to estimate ARRA's impact on jobs. CBO's estimates of ARRA's jobs impact, released each quarter, are based on data about how similar policies have affected output and employment in the past. CBO's previous quarterly estimates are similar to those made by other leading economic forecasters including Mark Zandi of Moody's Economy.com, Macroeconomic Advisers, and IHS/Global Insight.[3] Each of these three major private forecasters estimated that ARRA added well over 2 million jobs at its peak.
CBO's analysis finds that ARRA has significantly boosted both the number of people employed and the number of hours worked. ARRA protected the economy during the worst of the recession, and three years after its enactment, it is still saving and creating jobs. Without it, up to one and a half million more workers in March would have been either unemployed or struggling to get by on less income.