Medicaid Expansion Has Helped Narrow Racial Disparities in Health Coverage and Access to Care
End Notes
[1] Linda J. Blumberg et al., “The Potential Effects of a Supreme Court Decision to Overturn the Affordable Care Act: Updated Estimates,” Urban Institute, October 15, 2020, https://www.urban.org/research/publication/potential-effects-supreme-court-decision-overturn-affordable-care-act-updated-estimates.
[2] Jesse C. Baumgartner et al., “How the Affordable Care Act Has Narrowed Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to Health Care,” Commonwealth Fund, January 16, 2020, https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/2020/jan/how-ACA-narrowed-racial-ethnic-disparities-access.
[3] Kaiser Family Foundation, “Health and Health Care for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANS) in the United States,” May 10, 2019, https://www.kff.org/infographic/health-and-health-care-for-american-indians-and-alaska-natives-aians/.
[4] Kaiser Family Foundation, “Who Could Medicaid Expansion Reach in All States?” January 23, 2020, http://files.kff.org/attachment/fact-sheet-medicaid-expansion-US.
[5] Baumgartner et al., op. cit.
[6] Madeline Guth, Samantha Artiga, and Olivia Pham, “Effects of the ACA Medicaid Expansion on Racial Disparities in Health and Health Care,” Kaiser Family Foundation, September 30, 2020, https://www.kff.org/report-section/effects-of-the-aca-medicaid-expansion-on-racial-disparities-in-health-and-health-care-issue-brief/.
[7] Sarah Miller et al., “Medicaid and Mortality: New Evidence from Linked Survey and Administrative Data,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 26081, August 2019, https://www.nber.org/papers/w26081.
[8] Shailender Swaminathan, Benjamin D. Sommers, and Rebecca Thorsness, “Association of Medicaid Expansion With 1-Year Mortality Among Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease,” JAMA Network, December 4, 2018, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2710505.
[9] Erica L. Eliason, “Adoption of Medicaid Expansion Is Associated with Lower Maternal Mortality,” Women’s Health Issues, February 25, 2020, https://www.whijournal.com/article/S1049-3867(20)30005-0/fulltext.
[10] Minal R. Patel, Renuka Tipirneni, and Edith C. Kieffer, “Examination of Changes in Health Status Among Michigan Medicaid Expansion Enrollees From 2016 to 2017,” JAMA Network, July 10, 2020, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2768102.
[11] Kaiser Family Foundation, “COVID-19 Cases by Race/Ethnicity,” accessed October 20, 2020, https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/covid-19-cases-by-race-ethnicity/.
[12] APM Research Lab, “The Color of Coronavirus: COVID-19 Deaths by Race and Ethnicity in the United States,” accessed October 12, 2020, https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race.
[13] Wyatt Koma et al., “Low-Income and Communities of Color at Higher Risk of Serious Illness if Infected with Coronavirus,” Kaiser Family Foundation, May 7, 2020, https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/low-income-and-communities-of-color-at-higher-risk-of-serious-illness-if-infected-with-coronavirus/.
[14] We define essential and front-line workers as people with jobs that may require them to show up for work during the pandemic regardless of stay-at-home orders or other restrictions, such as hospital workers, home health aides, food manufacturers, grocery store workers, farm workers, pharmaceutical manufacturers and pharmacy workers, bus drivers and truck drivers, and warehouse workers. For more information, see Matt Broaddus, “5 Million Essential and Front-Line Workers Get Health Coverage Through Medicaid,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, August 4, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/5-million-essential-and-front-line-workers-get-health-coverage-through-medicaid.
[15] Kim Parker, Rachel Minkin, and Jesse Bennett, “Economic Fallout From COVID-19 Continues To Hit Lower-Income Americans the Hardest,” Pew Research Center, September 24, 2020, https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/09/24/economic-fallout-from-covid-19-continues-to-hit-lower-income-americans-the-hardest/.
[16] National Health Interview Survey data show that the uninsured rate for Black people rose by 24 percent between 2007 and 2010, compared to a 9 percent increase for white people. While the uninsured rate for Hispanic people did not rise disproportionately, the share of Hispanic people skipping needed care due to cost rose 23 percent. That share rose 45 percent for Black people and 13 percent for white people.
[17] Tara Straw and Aviva Aron-Dine, “Commentary: ACA Repeal Even More Dangerous During Pandemic and Economic Crisis,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, October 5, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/health/commentary-aca-repeal-even-more-dangerous-during-pandemic-and-economic-crisis.
[18] Blumberg et al., op cit.