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SNAP Online: A Review of State Government SNAP Websites

All states make information regarding the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as the Food Stamp Program,[1] including their applications, state policy manuals or regulations, and general program information, available to the public via the internet.[2] The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities reviewed all the states’ websites to determine what information and services they offer regarding the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.

This report provides links to the addresses for each state’s SNAP websites and provides an overview of the types of information and services that states provide. Those interested in expanding the services provided on their state’s website may find the overview section helpful as it highlights the various features states offer, such as benefit calculators or office locators.

Readers may access states’ websites and addresses using the comprehensive list at the end of the paper.

Overview of Findings

There is significant variation among states’ SNAP websites and their online services. Some states provide a simple description of the program on their agency’s website. Others offer applications, benefit calculators, pre-screening tools, detailed program operation instructions for caseworkers, known as “policy manuals,” and copies of program memoranda to eligibility workers that describe policy changes to the program. By making all of these materials readily accessible to the public, states can facilitate an improved understanding of SNAP. The table below summarizes the types of services available and which states offer them.

TABLE 1
Overview of Services Available on State SNAP Websites
Features States that offer Total
Printable Applications AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FL,GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY 51
Online Applications AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, HI, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI 49
Eligibility Screening Tools and/or Benefit Calculators AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, WA, WV, WI 47
Online Policy Manuals AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FL,GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY 51
Online Statistics AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI 45
Social Media Accounts AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, , KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY 49
 
  • Printable applications are available on every state’s website. Forty-two states make their printable applications available in Spanish, while 20 states make them available in additional foreign languages. Making applications available online is a helpful tool for those interested in increasing access to SNAP. It allows potential SNAP participants to review or to complete the application outside of the human services office, often with the help of a community services agency. By seeing the application in advance of going to the human services office, individuals can familiarize themselves with the information required to complete the application process. This simple step can help make the process more transparent and less daunting to potential applicants.
  • Online applications allow individuals to complete and submit an application over the internet. Forty-nine states offer online applications: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Forty states make their online application available in Spanish as well as English: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawai’i, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

    Online applications help facilitate program enrollment, enabling individuals to apply for SNAP at a convenient time and place. Interviews are required, but in many states, these are routinely done by telephone. Even if some applicants must visit the human services office, the online application helps them initiate the process. Getting the process started earlier is important because eligible applicants receive benefits retroactive to their date of application and states must process filed applications within 30 days (seven days if the household is eligible for expedited benefits), consistent with the rules governing paper applications.

  • Eligibility screening tools and/or benefit calculators are available on 47 state websites. Eligibility screeners ask users several questions about their income and household circumstances and, based on the responses, inform users of their potential eligibility for public benefits. Self-assessment screenings can be powerful outreach tools to eligible individuals who do not know or do not believe that they qualify for SNAP. Screening tools are most effective if questions are limited to the most pertinent eligibility issues and assist users with the answers rather than requiring users to fill in blank spaces.

    Kansas’ screening tool is a good example of how to structure a short, easy-to-use tool. It is only one page long and provides several answers from which to choose for each question. Based on the information provided by the user, the Kansas screening tool provides a list of potential programs for which the user may be eligible, including SNAP, and a direct link to descriptive information about, and online applications for, those programs.

    Benefit calculators are similar to eligibility screening tools; however, they also provide users with an estimate of the amount of benefits for which they might qualify. In addition to the perception that they are not eligible, a major reason low-income individuals do not participate in SNAP is they often believe that they would only receive a low amount of benefits. By giving interested individuals an estimate of their potential benefit amount, a benefit calculator addresses this concern and helps the individual to assess whether applying for assistance would be worth their time and energy.

    Benefit calculators necessarily have to ask more questions than screening tools, typically about a household’s deductible expenses. Nevertheless, it is important to strike a balance between brevity and detail to avoid either bogging down users in too much detail or misleading them by omitting pertinent eligibility criteria. One way to achieve this is to keep the calculator concise and to inform users that there are additional eligibility criteria that the state will have to screen for, such as immigration status. For intended users, the calculator could provide basic information about these additional criteria in a tone that encourages users to apply. Conversely, calculators can become overwhelming and cumbersome for users if they attempt to determine eligibility and exact benefit levels for numerous programs.

    Pennsylvania’s benefit calculator does a good job of asking for needed information on four screens, using graphics and simple language to avoid any confusion. The final result includes an estimated benefit and links to online applications for a variety of programs. In addition to SNAP, the program can screen for eligibility for medical benefits, cash assistance, school meals, child care grants, heating assistance, and several other programs. By contrast, South Carolina’s benefit calculator is shorter — one page with only four questions. It provides links to an information page on how to apply and a page with office locations. Both states’ calculators avoid being overly cumbersome by not asking about important eligibility information such as household resources, but include general language warning that there are other eligibility criteria one must satisfy to receive benefits.

  • Online policy manuals are an additional tool offered on all state websites. Some states have web-based policy manuals in the form of a searchable database. Providing a searchable manual helps to make state policies easy to locate and transparent to the public. For example, Illinois’ policy manual includes a clear list of contents, a separate listing of new manual releases, and an easy-to-use search engine that provides clear and detailed search results.

    Another useful feature that some states offer is information about recent changes to the state’s policy manual. Typically, the state posts policy memoranda to caseworkers that describe the changes. In many cases, these memos are difficult for non-experts to navigate because they are written in very technical language. Wisconsin provides a good example of how to make these memoranda. They provide a cover sheet that lists the policy changes made in a release, and the changes are explained in simple language. This makes it possible for individuals without technical knowledge to comprehend changes to state policies.

  • Program information varies on each state website. States generally offer at least some basic SNAP information on their websites, including eligibility requirements and a description of how to apply for SNAP benefits. Often, however, these descriptions focus on the legislative history of the program or jump immediately to program restrictions rather than outlining the program’s purpose in helping low-income individuals and families or conveying the state agency’s service philosophy. What a state says about SNAP on its website sets a tone and conveys a message to the public about the agency’s philosophy.

    For example, the Nevada website is welcoming and explains how the program can help:

    Many households have trouble making ends meet each month; after paying rent, utilities, transportation, and child care, there's often little left over to buy nutritious food. But it doesn't have to be that way. Each month, thousands of households across the state turn to the Nevada State Division of Welfare and Supportive Services (DWSS) to receive assistance in the form of SNAP benefits to help feed their families. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is available to individuals, families, elderly and/or disabled persons who meet specific income, resource and other requirements. Read on to learn how you can receive help if you qualify.

    This introduction is followed by several links designed to address common concerns and provide important information. The information provided is similar in content to what many other states provide, but it is easy to understand and it focuses on the program from the low-income individual’s perspective rather than from a program operations perspective.

    In addition to basic program information, a large majority of states offer office-locator tools such as maps and Zip code searches to help individuals locate their local community service office. For example, Oklahoma’s website provides an office locator feature using a map of the state. Users click on the county where they live and the site provides the address, phone number, operating hours, and a picture of each county’s human services offices. Even a simple list of offices, organized by county, as many states provide, may be helpful to prospective applicants.

    Some states also provide additional administrative forms on their sites that may be useful for clients. Colorado, for example, provides printable versions of hearing request forms or forms to report changes in household circumstances. Traditionally, states provided these forms only at the local office. By making this type of paperwork available on the internet, states potentially reduce administrative burdens on local office staff because clients can obtain the forms they need directly or seek the help of a community group to obtain and to complete the forms.

  • Online statistics. Forty-five states provide program data, such as the numbers of individuals or households in each county that participate in SNAP. A few states provide additional data, such as timeliness rates, average amounts of benefits, and the number of SNAP households also receiving cash assistance. These kinds of data can be helpful to officials, researchers, or advocates wanting to understand the trends in participation.

    State-level data are available on USDA’s website, but USDA does not provide sub-state data. Also, states often provide their data in a more timely manner than USDA, which must confirm the information with every state before publishing. In most cases, states publish information by county and update it monthly. However, a few states update less frequently or do not break down data by county. We indicate these counties next to the links for those states’ data.

  • Social media accounts. Most states use social media, such as Twitter and Facebook, to share information about their health and human services and programs. These platforms are another useful way to gather information about state decisions and key information about SNAP.
  • State program names vary since Congress changed the official name of the Food Stamp Program to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program in 2008. States may use either name or a name of their choosing. Forty states have chosen to use the new name. Among the names used by the other 11, the most popular is “Food Assistance Program,” used by four states. One state uses “Food Supplement Program,” and six have other names. We have used each state’s name for the program in the listing below.
TABLE 2
State Program Names
Program Name States Total
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) AK, AR, CO, CT, DC, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MN, MO, MS, MT, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NV, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, WV, WY 40
Food Supplement Program DE 1
Food Assistance Program AL, KS, MI, OH 4
Other AZ, CA, NC, VT, WA, WI 6

State Government SNAP Websites

Below is a listing of state government resources regarding SNAP posted on the internet. There are several important caveats to consider when using this list. States are not consistent in their use of terms such as “policy manual.” Furthermore, this list was not developed via a comprehensive survey of states and may not be complete. Please notify Carolyn Jones at the Center to update or revise this list.

End Notes

[1] Effective October 1, 2008, the 2007 farm bill renamed the Food Stamp Program the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, or SNAP.

[2] For purposes of this paper, the term “state” includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia, but not U.S. territories such as Guam or the Virgin Islands.