Con una recesión duradera, Puerto Rico necesita más que las ayudas por COVID-19 para superar sus crisis
End Notes
[1] CBPP, “States Start Grappling With Hit to Tax Collections”, actualizado el 4 de mayo de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/states-start-grappling-with-hit-to-tax-collections.
[2] CBPP, “Chart Book: Tracking the Post-Great Recession Economy”, 14 de abril de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/economy/chart-book-tracking-the-post-great-recession-economy.
[3] José Antonio Ocampo, Deepak Lamba-Nieves y Sergio M. Marxuach, “Devising a Growth Strategy for Puerto Rico”, Center for a New Economy, junio de 2016, https://grupocne.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_18_DevisingAGrowthStrategyForPR-1.pdf.
[4]Datos breves del censo: Puerto Rico, https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/PR.
[5] Annie E. Casey Foundation Kids Count Data Center, “Children in poverty (100 percent poverty) in Puerto Rico”, https://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/43-children-in-poverty-100-percent-poverty?loc=53&loct=4#detailed/4/any/false/37,871,870,573,869,36,868,867,133,38/any/321,322.
[6] Cara Brumfield et al., “Structurally Unsound: The Impact of Using Block Grants to Fund Economic Security Programs”, Georgetown Center on Poverty and Inequality, febrero de 2019, http://www.georgetownpoverty.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Georgetown-Block-Grant-Report-02272019.pdf.
[7] Samantha Washington, “Child Tax Credit and Earned Income Tax Credit Lifted 10.6 Million People out of Poverty in 2018”, CBPP, 31 de octubre de 2019, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/child-tax-credit-and-earned-income-tax-credit-lifted-106-million-people-out-of-poverty-in-2018.
[8] Javier Balmaceda, “Puerto Rico on Verge of Implementing an EITC”, CBPP, 10 de diciembre de 2018, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/puerto-rico-on-verge-of-implementing-an-eitc.
[9] Rosanna Torres, “Third Economic Stimulus Package in Response to COVID-19: Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act”, Center for a New Economy, 27 de marzo de 2020, https://grupocne.org/2020/03/27/third-economic-stimulus-package-in-response-to-covid-19-coronavirus-aid-relief-and-economic-security-cares-act/.
[10] Puerto Rico es una posesión que no refleja el código tributario. La cantidad disponible que el Departamento de Hacienda tiene para distribuir será igual a los beneficios totales que se les hubiera dado a los residentes de Puerto Rico si un sistema tributario que reflejara el de los Estados Unidos y hubiera estado vigente, tal como lo estimó el Departamento del Tesoro. Puerto Rico siguió un proceso similar para distribuir los pagos por reembolso en conformidad con la Ley de Movilidad Económica de 2008. Consulte “Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Plan for Distribution of Recovery Rebates Enacted by Pub. L. 110-185”, 8 de abril de 2008, https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Documents/pr_stimulus_final_rebateplan.pdf.
[11] Consulte el comunicado de prensa del Departamento de Hacienda de Puerto Rico, 1.° de mayo de 2020, http://www.hacienda.gobierno.pr/sobre-hacienda/sala-de-prensa-virtual/comunicados-de-prensa/gobernadora-vazquez-garced-anuncia-aprobacion-del-plan-de-distribucion-del-pago-de-impacto-economico-de-1200.
[12] Gloria Ruiz Kuilan, “Hacienda espera por el Tesoro federal para desembolsar los $1,200”, El Nuevo Día, 20 de abril de 2020, https://www.elnuevodia.com/negocios/economia/nota/haciendaesperaporeltesorofederalparadesembolsarlos1200-2562614/.
[13] Vea la videoconferencia entre la comisionada residente, Jenniffer González, y el secretario de Hacienda, Francisco Parés, ¿Tienes dudas sobre cómo van a distribuir los $1,200?”, El Nuevo Día, 1.° de mayo de 2020, https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/nota/tienesdudassobrecomovanadistribuirlos1200-2565626/.
[14] CBPP, “A Brief Overview of the Nutrition Assistance Program”, 31 de enero de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/a-brief-overview-of-the-nutrition-assistance-program.
[15] Datos de la Reserva Económica Federal: Initial Claims in Puerto Rico, actualizado el 30 de abril de 2020, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PRIICLAIMS.
[16] Consulte “Economy at a Glance: Puerto Rico”, febrero de 2020, Oficina de Estadísticas Laborales, Departamento del Trabajo de los Estados Unidos, https://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.pr.htm.
[17] CBPP, “Policy Basics: How Many Weeks of Unemployment Compensation Are Available?”, 28 de abril de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/economy/policy-basics-how-many-weeks-of-unemployment-compensation-are-available#ui-map.
[18] CBPP, “How Much Each State Will Receive From the Coronavirus Relief Fund in the CARES Act”, 26 de marzo de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/how-much-each-state-will-receive-from-the-coronavirus-relief-fund-in-the-cares-act.
[19] CBPP, “How Will States and Localities Divide the Fiscal Relief in the Coronavirus Relief Fund?”, 27 de marzo de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/how-will-states-and-localities-divide-the-fiscal-relief-in-the.
[20] Consulte “Coronavirus Relief Fund: Frequently Asked Questions” del Departamento del Tesoro de los Estados Unidos, actualizado el 4 de mayo de 2020, https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/Coronavirus-Relief-Fund-Frequently-Asked-Questions.pdf y “Coronavirus Relief Fund: Guidance for State, Territorial, Local, and Tribal Governments”, 22 de abril de 2020, https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/Coronavirus-Relief-Fund-Guidance-for-State-Territorial-Local-and-Tribal-Governments.pdf.
[21] CBPP, “How Much Will States Receive Through the Education Stabilization Fund in the CARES Act?”, 3 de abril de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/how-much-will-states-receive-through-the-education-stabilization-fund.
[22] Michael Leachman, “New CBO Projections Suggest Even Bigger State Shortfalls”, CBPP, 19 de abril de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/new-cbo-projections-suggest-even-bigger-state-shortfalls.
[23] Consulte la carta de la Junta de Supervisión y Administración Financiera para Puerto Rico, 25 de marzo de 2020, https://drive.google.com/file/d/10zjxeNa-5a-3UCIQN8N8ZU1K2_dYRjc3/view.
[24] Consulte el comunicado de prensa de la Junta de Supervisión y Administración Financiera para Puerto Rico, 21 de marzo de 2020, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hA99AnTpmuhcAMTIScKL-06j8YXknZG2/view.
[25] Para una discusión sobre normas fiscales efectivas ante recesiones, consulte Chad Stone, “Fiscal Stimulus Needed to Fight Recessions: Lessons From the Great Recession”, CBPP, 16 de abril de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/economy/fiscal-stimulus-needed-to-fight-recessions.
[26] Aviva Aron-Dine et al., “Larger, Longer-Lasting Increases in Federal Medicaid Funding Needed to Protect Coverage”, CBPP, 5 de mayo de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/larger-longer-lasting-increases-in-federal-medicaid-funding-needed-to-protect.
[27] Judith Solomon, “Puerto Rico’s Medicaid Program Needs an Ongoing Commitment of Federal Funds”, CBPP, 22 de abril de 2019, https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/puerto-ricos-medicaid-program-needs-an-ongoing-commitment-of-federal-funds.
[28] Leachman, op. cit.
[29] CBPP, “More States Are Using New Flexibility in SNAP to Respond to COVID-19 Challenges”, actualizado el 6 de mayo de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/most-states-are-easing-snap-participation-rules-many-have-opted-to-provide.
[30] Administración de Asuntos Federales de Puerto Rico, “Governor of Puerto Rico Urges Congress to include Puerto Rico in the P-EBT Program to Provide Children Nutritional Assistance Benefits During the COVID-19 Pandemic”, 5 de mayo de 2020, https://prfaa.pr.gov/2020/05/05/governor-of-puerto-rico-urges-congress-to-include-puerto-rico-in-the-p-ebt-program-to-provide-children-nutritional-assistance-benefits-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/. Junta de Supervisión y Administración Financiera para Puerto Rico, 27 de abril de 2020, https://oversightboard.pr.gov/documents/.
[31] La Ley de Familias Primero en Respuesta al Coronavirus les permitió a los estados participantes del SNAP emitir asignaciones por emergencia y creó un programa para reemplazar la pérdida del valor de las comidas escolares para los niños que reciben comidas gratis o a bajo costo. A Puerto Rico no lo cubre ninguna de estas disposiciones legales. Para una discusión sobre esas disposiciones legales en el SNAP, consulte Dottie Rosenbaum et al., “USDA, States Must Act Swiftly to Deliver Food Assistance Allowed by Families First Act”, CBPP, 7 de abril de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/usda-states-must-act-swiftly-to-deliver-food-assistance-allowed-by-families.
[32] Dorothy Rosenbaum, “Latest Coronavirus Response Package Doesn’t Boost SNAP – the Next One Should”, CBPP, 27 de marzo de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/latest-coronavirus-response-package-doesnt-boost-snap-the-next-one-should; y Dottie Rosenbaum, Stacy Dean, y Zoë Neuberger, CBPP, 22 de abril de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/the-case-for-boosting-snap-benefits-in-next-major-economic-response-package.
[33] Brynne Keith-Jennings y Elizabeth Wolkomir, “How Does Household Food Assistance in Puerto Rico Compare to the Rest of the United States?”, CBPP, 15 de enero de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/how-does-household-food-assistance-in-puerto-rico-compare-to-the-rest-of.
[34] Myribel Santiago Torres et al., “2015: Seguridad Alimentaria en Puerto Rico”, Instituto de Estadísticas de Puerto Rico, junio de 2019, https://estadisticas.pr/files/Publicaciones/Seguridad%20Alimentaria%20en%20Puerto%20Rico%20-%20Final%20%28300519%29.pdf.
[35] Chuck Marr, Yixuan Huang y Vincent Palacios, “House Ways and Means Committee Legislation Would Expand EITC and Child Tax Credit”, CBPP, 2 de marzo de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/federal-tax/house-ways-and-means-committee-legislation-would-expand-eitc-and-child-tax.
[36] Javier Balmaceda, “Strong Working-Family Tax Credits Can Help Puerto Rico Bounce Back”, CBPP, 12 de febrero de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/stronger-working-family-tax-credits-can-help-puerto-rico-bounce-back.
[37] LaDonna Pavetti, “With Applications Soaring, TANF Needs More Funds, New Rules”, CBPP, 14 de abril de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/with-applications-soaring-tanf-needs-more-funds-new-rules.
[38] Chad Stone y Sharon Parrott, “Labor Market Conditions Should Determine Duration, Size of COVID-19 Relief Measures”, CBPP, 13 de abril de 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/economy/labor-market-conditions-should-determine-duration-size-of-covid-19-relief-measures.
[39] Dánica Coto, “US court upholds SSI for Puerto Ricans in key ruling”, Washington Post, 10 de abril de 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/us-court-upholds-ssi-for-puerto-ricans-in-key-ruling/2020/04/10/9e303364-7b78-11ea-a311-adb1344719a9_story.html.
[40] Consulte “Puerto Rico: Information on How Statehood Would Potentially Affect Selected Federal Programs and Revenue Sources”, Oficina de Responsabilidad del Gobierno, marzo de 2014, https://www.gao.gov/assets/670/661334.pdf.
[41] José Caraballo-Cueto, “The impact of disparities in SNAP and SSI on Puerto Rico’s poverty and economic growth,” Econometrika, febrero de 2019, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340610699_The_impact_of_disparities_in_SNAP_and_SSI_on_Puerto_Rico's_poverty_and_economic_growth.