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May 13, 2005
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WHY THE PRESIDENT'S SOCIAL SECURITY PLAN
CLOSES
JUST 30 PERCENT OF THE LONG-TERM SHORTFALL
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This week, a
new Center analysis showed that the President’s Social Security plan as it
now stands (the two main parts of which are private accounts and sliding-scale
benefit reductions) would close just 30 percent of the total Social Security
shortfall over the next 75 years, much less than is commonly thought.
Additional benefit reductions, new revenues, or large transfers from the rest
of the budget would be needed to keep Social Security solvent.
Ordinarily, the kinds of estimates in the Center’s report
would come from an analysis by the Social Security actuaries. It is standard
practice for policymakers and outside analysts who present Social Security plans
to request an analysis from the actuaries and then release it when they present
their plans (or shortly thereafter). But since the White House has not released
such an analysis, the Center’s report provides some of the standard actuarial
and fiscal estimates of the President’s proposal — based on data from the
actuaries — that are needed to evaluate the proposal properly.
The private accounts would wipe out about half of the
solvency gain over the next 75 years that would be achieved by the benefit
reductions.
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By themselves, the President’s benefit reductions would close about 59
percent of the Social Security shortfall over the next 75 years. But the
private accounts would undo about half of that gain, primarily because of the
time lag between the diversion of funds into the private accounts (which would
occur throughout a worker’s career) and the reductions in Social Security
benefits to “pay for” that diversion (which would not occur until the worker’s
retirement).
- Together, the benefit reductions and private accounts would close 30
percent of the 75-year shortfall. If the rest of the shortfall were closed
with general revenues, roughly $3 trillion in present value in general
revenues would be needed.
- The Administration has said its plan would close 70 percent of the Social
Security shortfall, but that statement refers to a single year — 2079, or 75
years from now — and omits the effect of private accounts.
Under two other common
measures of Social Security’s finances, the President’s plan would make the
situation worse.
- The President’s plan would accelerate by six years the point at which
Social Security begins paying out more in benefits than it collects in payroll
taxes. That point would be reached in 2011, rather than 2017 (as the Social
Security actuaries now forecast).
- The plan would accelerate by 11 years the point at which the Social
Security trust fund is exhausted. That point would be reached in 2030, rather
than 2041.
- Why would the President’s plan have a negative impact on these two
shorter-term measures of Social Security’s finances? There are two reasons.
First, the private accounts would drain significant sums from the trust fund
in the first several decades. Second, the sliding-scale benefit reductions
would not start until 2012 and would be small initially.
Many Low-Income Beneficiaries Would Not Be Protected Against Benefit Cuts
Another Center report issued this week, based on a recent White House
document, shows that many low-income Americans would be affected by the
President’s sliding-scale benefit reductions.
Those reductions do not apply
to the retirement benefits of the lowest 30 percent of wage-earners, but
they would apply to a substantial number of other low-income
beneficiaries whose benefits are based on someone else’s earnings
history. Examples include a child’s survivors benefit that is based on his
deceased parent’s earnings, an elderly widow’s benefit that is based on her
deceased husband’s earnings, and a divorced spouse’s benefit that is based on
her ex-husband’s earnings.
If, for example, the earnings
of a deceased worker are not in the bottom 30 percent, the survivors benefits
based on this worker’s earnings would be reduced under the President’s plan,
regardless of the survivor’s income level.
A document the White House
released to reporters May 4 shows that under the President’s plan, benefits for
the lowest-income 20 percent of beneficiaries aged 62 to 76 in 2050 would be
reduced by an average of $528 a year. Moreover, this figure may understate the
effect of the reductions, since it does not take into account the children,
surviving parents, and widows over 76 whose benefits could be reduced.
Roughly four million widows
and two million children at all income levels receive Social Security benefits.
Members of these groups, as well as divorced elderly spouses, can be
particularly vulnerable to the effects of benefit reductions because in many
cases, their incomes fall sharply after their divorce or the death of their
parent or spouse.
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