Many observers have misread a November 19 report from the Government Accountability Office (GAO) examining the government’s claim that the part of this year’s American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) consisting of grants, contracts, and loans has created or saved roughly 640,000 jobs to date.[1] Some observers have interpreted the GAO report as concluding that ARRA as a whole has created or preserved fewer than 640,000 jobs. Others seem to assume the report suggests that ARRA has created few if any jobs. Both claims are mistaken.
The Recovery Act requires recipients of its grants, contracts, and loans to report on the number of jobs these funds have created or preserved. The GAO report states, “In interpreting recipient reporting data, it is important to recognize that the recipient reporting requirement only covers a defined subset of the Recovery Act’s funding.” Specifically, GAO finds that 27 percent of total ARRA funds spent as of September 30 (when the reporting period ended) were included in the recipient reports. GAO also notes that ARRA funds also create jobs indirectly, such as by generating business for the suppliers of goods and services to projects receiving ARRA funds. Similarly, the Recovery Act’s support for unemployed workers, increased food stamps, and additional Medicaid funds for states are cited as effective economic stimulus by Moody’s Economy.com and the Congressional Budget Office, among others, but none of the jobs impact of these provisions is included in the recipient reports.[2]
GAO adds, “Even after data quality issues are addressed, these data will represent only a portion of the employment effect. Beyond the jobs that are reported, further rounds of indirect and induced employment gains result from government spending. The Recovery Act also includes entitlement spending and tax benefits, which themselves create employment. Therefore, both the data reported by recipients and other macroeconomic data and methods are necessary to understand the overall employment effects of the stimulus.”
Estimates by private economists, the Congressional Budget Office, and the Council of Economic Advisers conclude that ARRA as a whole had saved or created 600,000 to 1.6 million jobs as of August; Mark Zandi of Moody’s Economy.com estimates the jobs impact at 1.1 million jobs as of October. [3]