Revised August 1,
2007
CBO ESTIMATES SHOW HOUSE BILL WOULD PROVIDE HEALTH INSURANCE
TO 5 MILLION UNINSURED CHILDREN
By Edwin Park
Congressional
Budget Office estimates show that by 2012, a total of 5 million children who
otherwise would be uninsured would have health care coverage under children’s
health legislation that the House is considering this week.[1]
The coverage gains under this legislation are about 1 million higher than under
the bipartisan bill the Senate Finance Committee approved on July 19 by a 17-4
vote.
The CBO estimates show that 3.8 million of these
children are uninsured children who already would be eligible for SCHIP (the
State Children’s Health Insurance Program) or Medicaid under the current
eligibility rules that states have set for these programs.[2]
Another 800,000 are SCHIP children who otherwise would lose their coverage in
coming years and end up uninsured because states would (under the “budget
baseline” that CBO employs) receive insufficient federal SCHIP funding to
sustain their existing programs.[3]
- CBO consequently estimates that a total of
about 4.6 million of these 5 million children — or 90 percent of them — are
children who have incomes below the current eligibility limits that states
have set.
- Only about 500,000 of the 5 million children
who otherwise would be uninsured are children who would gain eligibility as a
result of actions their states would take to broaden their SCHIP eligibility
criteria or adopt new SCHIP and Medicaid coverage options. (All of these
figures represent CBO’s estimates of the number of children who would be
covered in an average month in 2012.[4])
Key elements of the House bill would make the
SCHIP program permanent and create a more predictable but flexible financing
system for states. States with inadequate federal funding and
higher-than-expected SCHIP enrollment could qualify for some additional funds.
The legislation also would provide fiscal incentives to states that both adopt
simplified enrollment and retention practices and enroll more of the uninsured
children who are already eligible for Medicaid or SCHIP.
The House bill produces greater coverage gains
than the Senate Finance Committee bill because it provides the full $50 billion
over five years that the congressional budget resolution permits (if fully
offset), rather than the $35 billion under the Senate bill provides, and because
it accords states new options to cover older children and legal immigrant
children during their first five years in the United States. (States already
have the option to cover legal children after that time.)
How the Bill Would be Paid For
The costs of the House bill are financed in part
through a reduction in overpayments that Congress’ expert advisory body on
Medicare and the Congressional Budget Office have found are being made to
private insurance companies participating in Medicare, changes to the
reimbursement rates for other Medicare providers, and by an increase in the
rebates that drug manufacturers are required to pay to the Medicaid program.
The remaining financing for the bill comes from an increase in federal tobacco
taxes of 45 cents-a-pack (which is smaller than the 61-cents-a-pack increase the
Senate Finance Committee approved). The House Ways and Means Committee approved
this increase in tobacco taxes on July 26.
Differences with the Senate Bill
The House bill differs from the Senate bill in
that it does not limit the existing SCHIP coverage of low-income parents of
children who are enrolled in SCHIP or Medicaid, and thus does not lead to some
children losing coverage as a consequence. (Various studies have found that
jointly covering children and their parents results in a larger share of the
eligible children signing up and receiving health care services. In response to
a question posed last week during the Senate Finance Committee’s consideration
of the SCHIP legislation, CBO director Peter Orszag explained that “restricting
eligibility to parents does have an effect on take up among children…. for every
3 or 4 parents you lose, you might lose 1 or 2 kids, for example.”)
As these CBO figures indicate, the House
legislation would make somewhat greater progress than the Senate bill in
covering uninsured children. The CBO estimates also show that the House bill
would reach a large number of the lowest-income uninsured children; some 3.1
million children who are eligible for Medicaid but would otherwise be uninsured
would gain coverage under the legislation. (By comparison, CBO estimates that
the Senate bill would enroll an additional 1.7 million of these
Medicaid-eligible children.) Most of these 3.1 million children likely would be
children who live below the poverty line.
As with the Senate Finance Bill, Claims that
the House Bill Would Primarily Displace Private Coverage Are Not Accurate
Even before the Senate and House bills were
unveiled, Administration officials and some conservative activists began to
criticize them. These critics have argued that instead of covering significant
numbers of uninsured low-income children, the bills would primarily shift
children (and families) “with good incomes” from private insurance to
“government coverage.”[5]
The CBO estimates of the impacts of the House
bill show these criticisms are not valid.[6]
The figures indicate that the bill would be heavily targeted to children with
low incomes and would primarily assist children who otherwise would be
uninsured, not children who otherwise would have private coverage.
- CBO estimates that the House legislation would
increase the overall number of children enrolled in SCHIP or Medicaid by a
total of 7.5 million in 2012. As noted above, CBO estimates that 5 million of
these would be children who would otherwise be uninsured.
- In other words, two-thirds (66.7 percent) of
the children who would gain SCHIP or Medicaid coverage under the bill (5
million out of 7.5 million) would be children who would otherwise be uninsured
in 2012, not children who would otherwise have private coverage.
Moreover, CBO classifies as children who would
shift from “private coverage” to SCHIP or Medicaid 200,000 legal immigrant
children who would move from state-funded public health insurance programs to
Medicaid or SCHIP. Once this is taken into account, the CBO estimates indicate
that fewer than 30 percent of children who would gain SCHIP or Medicaid coverage
under the bill are children who would otherwise have some type of private health
insurance in 2012.
As CBO director Peter Orszag and other leading
health experts have explained, under the fragmented U.S. health insurance
system, virtually any effort to cover more of the uninsured — including efforts
that rely on tax deductions or credits for the purchase of insurance in the
private market — would result in some “crowd-out” (i.e., in the substitution of
one type of health insurance for another). A crowd-out effect of less than
one-third actually is regarded by many experts as modest. For example, in
describing the crowd-out levels under the Senate bill (which are similar to
those under the House bill), CBO director Peter Orszag observed during Senate
Finance Committee consideration of the bill that to reach this many uninsured
children, the Senate approach is “pretty much as efficient as you can possibly
get” (except for approaches that would impose mandates on employers,
individuals, or states).
Furthermore, analyses of various tax-based
approaches have found that the large majority of the tax benefits under such
approaches generally would go to people who already are insured. An analysis of
the health-insurance tax proposals that the Bush Administration included in its
budget last year, conducted by the very economist (Jonathan Gruber of M.I.T.)
whose work on SCHIP crowd-out has been touted in recent weeks by HHS Secretary
Mike Leavitt and conservative activists,[7]
found that 77 percent of the benefits under the Administration’s health tax
proposals would go to people who already are insured. This is more than double
the crowd-out percentage under the House and Senate bills. (Professor Gruber’s
analysis of the Administration tax proposals also found that the net result of
the proposals would be to modestly increase the ranks of the uninsured, because
a number of employers would respond by dropping coverage.[8])
Professor Gruber, who is widely considered to be
one of the nation’s leading health economists, has explained that although
public programs suffer from significant crowd-out effects, they still constitute
the most efficient way to cover more of the uninsured.[9]
He has noted that “no public policy can perfectly target the uninsured, and
public insurance expansions like SCHIP remain the most cost-effective means of
expanding health insurance coverage. I have undertaken a number of analyses to
compare the public sector costs of public sector expansions such as SCHIP to
alternatives such as tax credits. I find that the public sector provides much
more insurance coverage at a much lower cost under SCHIP than these
alternatives. Tax subsidies mostly operate to “buy out the base” of insured
without providing much new coverage.”[10]
It should also be recognized that in a
substantial number of the cases in which a family with access to private
insurance instead enrolls its children in Medicaid or SCHIP, that decision may
be beneficial to the child’s health. In many such cases, particularly among the
low-income families that the House and Senate bills target, the private
insurance that is available to the family may contain significant gaps in the
coverage it provides or may require large deductibles and cost-sharing charges
that the family has difficulty affording. Research has shown that when
low-income families face large cost-sharing charges, they often go without (or
delay obtaining) health care services that they or their children may need.
End Notes:
[1] Preliminary CBO estimates of the original House legislation
unveiled on July 24 found that 4.9 million uninsured children would have gained
coverage by 2012.
[2] Congressional Budget Office, “Preliminary CBO Estimate of
Changes in SCHIP and Medicaid Enrollment of Children under H.R. 3162, The
Children’s Health and Medicare Protection Act of 2007,” August 1, 2007.
[3] The “baseline” assumes SCHIP funding will remain frozen at $5
billion annually for the next five years even as health care costs continue to
increase, a scenario that CBO has determined would cause the number of children
covered under SCHIP to decline significantly as states faced federal funding
shortfalls under their SCHIP programs. See Congressional Budget Office, “Fact
Sheet for CBO’s March 2007 Baseline: State Children’s Health Insurance Program,”
February 23, 2007 and Edwin Park, “CBO Estimates That States Will Face Federal
SCHIP Shortfalls of $13.4 Billion Over Next Five Years,” Center on Budget and
Policy Priorities, February 26, 2007.
[4] These CBO figures may not precisely add due to rounding
effects.
[5] For an analysis of these and other Administration claims about the SCHIP bills and why they do not withstand scrutiny, see Robert Greenstein, “The Administration’s Dubious Claims about the Emerging Children’s Health Insurance Legislation: Myths and Realities,” Revised July 20, 2007.
[6]
For an analysis of the CBO estimates of the Senate Finance Committee SCHIP bill,
see Edwin Park, “CBO Estimates Show Large Gains in Children’s Health Coverage
under Senate SCHIP Bill,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Revised July
20, 2007.
[7]
See, for example, Mike Leavitt, “Reforming Health Care,” Washington Times, July
9, 2007.
[8] Jonathan Gruber, “The Cost and Coverage Impact of the President’s Health Insurance Budget Proposals,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, February 15, 2006.
[9]
Jonathan Gruber, “Tax Policy for Health Insurance,” Working Paper 10977,
National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2004.
[10]
Letter from Jonathan Gruber to Representative John Dingell, Chairman of the
House Energy and Commerce Committee, March 2007.
|